
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from os import path
from PIL import Image
from wordcloud import WordCloud, STOPWORDS, ImageColorGenerator
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns


data = pd.read_csv('/Users/rheasablani/Desktop/philosophy_data.csv')


data.head()


print(data['school'].unique())

['plato' 'aristotle' 'empiricism' 'rationalism' 'analytic' 'continental'
 'phenomenology' 'german_idealism' 'communism' 'capitalism' 'stoicism'
 'nietzsche' 'feminism']


plato = data[data['school'] == 'plato']
plato_author = plato['author'].unique()
print('Plato:', plato_author)

aristotle = data[data['school'] == 'aristotle']
aristotle_author = aristotle['author'].unique()
print('Aristotle:', aristotle_author)

empiricism = data[data['school'] == 'empiricism']
empiricism_author = empiricism['author'].unique()
print('Empiricism:', empiricism_author)

rationalism = data[data['school'] == 'rationalism']
rationalism_author = rationalism['author'].unique()
print('Rationalism:', rationalism_author)

analytic = data[data['school'] == 'analytic']
analytic_author = analytic['author'].unique()
print('Analytic:', analytic_author)

continental = data[data['school'] == 'continental']
continental_author = continental['author'].unique()
print('Continental:', continental_author)

phenomenology = data[data['school'] == 'phenomenology']
phenomenology_author = phenomenology['author'].unique()
print('Phenomenology:', phenomenology_author)

german_idealism = data[data['school'] == 'german_idealism']
german_idealism_author = german_idealism['author'].unique()
print('German idealism:', german_idealism_author)

communism = data[data['school'] == 'communism']
communism_author = communism['author'].unique()
print('Communism:', communism_author)

capitalism = data[data['school'] == 'capitalism']
capitalism_author = capitalism['author'].unique()
print('Capitalism:', capitalism_author)

stoicism = data[data['school'] == 'stoicism']
stoicism_author = stoicism['author'].unique()
print('Stoicism:', stoicism_author)

nietzsche = data[data['school'] == 'nietzsche']
nietzsche_author = nietzsche['author'].unique()
print('Nietzsche:', nietzsche_author)

feminism = data[data['school'] == 'feminism']
feminism_author = feminism['author'].unique()
print('Feminism:', feminism_author)

Plato: ['Plato']
Aristotle: ['Aristotle']
Empiricism: ['Locke' 'Hume' 'Berkeley']
Rationalism: ['Spinoza' 'Leibniz' 'Descartes' 'Malebranche']
Analytic: ['Russell' 'Moore' 'Wittgenstein' 'Lewis' 'Quine' 'Popper' 'Kripke']
Continental: ['Foucault' 'Derrida' 'Deleuze']
Phenomenology: ['Merleau-Ponty' 'Husserl' 'Heidegger']
German idealism: ['Kant' 'Fichte' 'Hegel']
Communism: ['Marx' 'Lenin']
Capitalism: ['Smith' 'Ricardo' 'Keynes']
Stoicism: ['Epictetus' 'Marcus Aurelius']
Nietzsche: ['Nietzsche']
Feminism: ['Wollstonecraft' 'Beauvoir' 'Davis']


data.groupby(['school'])[['title']].nunique('title')


schools = data['school'].unique()
 
data2 = [1,1,6,6,11,6,5,7,3,3,2,5,3]

fig = plt.figure(figsize =(10, 8))
plt.pie(data2, labels = schools,autopct='%1.1f%%') 
plt.show()


earliest = data.groupby(['school'])[['original_publication_date']].min()
earliest


schools_of_thought_date1 = data.groupby(['school'])[['original_publication_date']].min()
schools_of_thought_date2 = data.groupby(['school'])[['original_publication_date']].max()
diff = schools_of_thought_date2 - schools_of_thought_date1


diff


diff.plot(kind='barh', title='Duration length for each School of Thought', ylabel='original publication date',
         xlabel='School of thought', figsize=(10, 4))

<AxesSubplot:title={'center':'Duration length for each School of Thought'}, ylabel='School of thought'>


sen_len = data.groupby(['school'])['sentence_length'].mean()
sen_len

school
analytic           119.025205
aristotle          153.224953
capitalism         187.576289
communism          152.752311
continental        171.792060
empiricism         183.638051
feminism           153.083928
german_idealism    180.251329
nietzsche          116.599867
phenomenology      145.913345
plato              114.938018
rationalism        163.958996
stoicism           137.056410
Name: sentence_length, dtype: float64


sen_len.plot(kind='bar', title='Average Sentence Length for each School of Thought', ylabel='Sentence length',
         xlabel='School of thought', figsize=(10, 4))

<AxesSubplot:title={'center':'Average Sentence Length for each School of Thought'}, xlabel='School of thought', ylabel='Sentence length'>


text1 = data[data.school=='stoicism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text1 = ' '.join(text1).lower()
wordcloud1 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text1)

text2 = data[data.school=='nietzsche'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text2 = ' '.join(text2).lower()
wordcloud2 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text2)

text3 = data[data.school=='communism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text3 = ' '.join(text3).lower()
wordcloud3 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text3)

text4 = data[data.school=='capitalism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text4 = ' '.join(text4).lower()
wordcloud4 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text4)

text5 = data[data.school=='feminism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text5 = ' '.join(text5).lower()
wordcloud5 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text5)

text6 = data[data.school=='empiricism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text6 = ' '.join(text6).lower()
wordcloud6 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text6)

text7 = data[data.school=='rationalism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text7 = ' '.join(text7).lower()
wordcloud7 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text7)

text8 = data[data.school=='phenomenology'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text8 = ' '.join(text8).lower()
wordcloud8 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text8)

text9 = data[data.school=='continental'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text9 = ' '.join(text9).lower()
wordcloud9 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text9)

text10 = data[data.school=='plato'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text10 = ' '.join(text10).lower()
wordcloud10 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text10)

text11 = data[data.school=='german_idealism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text11 = ' '.join(text11).lower()
wordcloud11 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text11)

text12 = data[data.school=='aristotle'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text12 = ' '.join(text12).lower()
wordcloud12 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text12)

text13 = data[data.school=='analytic'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text13 = ' '.join(text13).lower()
wordcloud13 = WordCloud(stopwords = STOPWORDS,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=3, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text13)


fig, ((ax1, ax2, ax3), (ax4, ax5, ax6), (ax7, ax8, ax9), (ax10, ax11, ax12), (ax13, ax14, ax15)) = plt.subplots(5, 3, figsize=(25, 25))
fig.suptitle('Word Clouds for Each School of Thought', size=40, fontweight='bold')
ax1.imshow(wordcloud1)
ax1.set_title('Stoicism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax2.imshow(wordcloud2)
ax2.set_title('Nietzsche', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax3.imshow(wordcloud3)
ax3.set_title('Communism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax4.imshow(wordcloud4)
ax4.set_title('Capitalism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax5.imshow(wordcloud5)
ax5.set_title('Feminism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax6.imshow(wordcloud6)
ax6.set_title('Empiricism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax7.imshow(wordcloud7)
ax7.set_title('Rationalism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax8.imshow(wordcloud8)
ax8.set_title('Phenomenology', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax9.set_title('Continental', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax9.imshow(wordcloud9)
ax10.set_title('Plato', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax10.imshow(wordcloud10)
ax11.set_title('German idealism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax11.imshow(wordcloud11)
ax12.set_title('Aristotle', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax12.imshow(wordcloud12)
ax13.set_title('Analytic', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax13.imshow(wordcloud13)

for ax in fig.axes:
    ax.axis('off')
plt.show()


stop_words = ["thing", "things"] + list(STOPWORDS)


text1 = data[data.school=='stoicism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text1 = ' '.join(text1).lower()
wordcloud1 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      min_word_length=5, collocations=False, background_color='white').generate(text1)

text2 = data[data.school=='nietzsche'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text2 = ' '.join(text2).lower()
wordcloud2 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text2)

text3 = data[data.school=='communism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text3 = ' '.join(text3).lower()
wordcloud3 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text3)

text4 = data[data.school=='capitalism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text4 = ' '.join(text4).lower()
wordcloud4 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text4)

text5 = data[data.school=='feminism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text5 = ' '.join(text5).lower()
wordcloud5 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text5)

text6 = data[data.school=='empiricism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text6 = ' '.join(text6).lower()
wordcloud6 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text6)

text7 = data[data.school=='rationalism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text7 = ' '.join(text7).lower()
wordcloud7 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text7)

text8 = data[data.school=='phenomenology'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text8 = ' '.join(text8).lower()
wordcloud8 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text8)

text9 = data[data.school=='continental'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text9 = ' '.join(text9).lower()
wordcloud9 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text9)

text10 = data[data.school=='plato'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text10 = ' '.join(text10).lower()
wordcloud10 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text10)

text11 = data[data.school=='german_idealism'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text11 = ' '.join(text11).lower()
wordcloud11 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text11)

text12 = data[data.school=='aristotle'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text12 = ' '.join(text12).lower()
wordcloud12 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text12)

text13 = data[data.school=='analytic'].sentence_str.tolist() 
text13 = ' '.join(text13).lower()
wordcloud13 = WordCloud(stopwords = stop_words,
                      collocations=False,min_word_length=5, collocation_threshold=3, background_color='white').generate(text13)


fig, ((ax1, ax2, ax3), (ax4, ax5, ax6), (ax7, ax8, ax9), (ax10, ax11, ax12), (ax13, ax14, ax15)) = plt.subplots(5, 3, figsize=(25, 25))
fig.suptitle('Word Clouds for Each School of Thought', size=40, fontweight='bold')
ax1.imshow(wordcloud1)
ax1.set_title('Stoicism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax2.imshow(wordcloud2)
ax2.set_title('Nietzsche', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax3.imshow(wordcloud3)
ax3.set_title('Communism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax4.imshow(wordcloud4)
ax4.set_title('Capitalism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax5.imshow(wordcloud5)
ax5.set_title('Feminism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax6.imshow(wordcloud6)
ax6.set_title('Empiricism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax7.imshow(wordcloud7)
ax7.set_title('Rationalism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax8.imshow(wordcloud8)
ax8.set_title('Phenomenology', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax9.set_title('Continental', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax9.imshow(wordcloud9)
ax10.set_title('Plato', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax10.imshow(wordcloud10)
ax11.set_title('German idealism', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax11.imshow(wordcloud11)
ax12.set_title('Aristotle', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax12.imshow(wordcloud12)
ax13.set_title('Analytic', size=25, pad=20, fontweight='bold')
ax13.imshow(wordcloud13)

for ax in fig.axes:
    ax.axis('off')
plt.show()

	title	author	school	sentence_spacy	sentence_str	original_publication_date	corpus_edition_date	sentence_length	sentence_lowered	tokenized_txt	lemmatized_str
0	Plato - Complete Works	Plato	plato	What's new, Socrates, to make you leave your ...	What's new, Socrates, to make you leave your ...	-350	1997	125	what's new, socrates, to make you leave your ...	['what', 'new', 'socrates', 'to', 'make', 'you...	what be new , Socrates , to make -PRON- lea...
1	Plato - Complete Works	Plato	plato	Surely you are not prosecuting anyone before t...	Surely you are not prosecuting anyone before t...	-350	1997	69	surely you are not prosecuting anyone before t...	['surely', 'you', 'are', 'not', 'prosecuting',...	surely -PRON- be not prosecute anyone before ...
2	Plato - Complete Works	Plato	plato	The Athenians do not call this a prosecution b...	The Athenians do not call this a prosecution b...	-350	1997	74	the athenians do not call this a prosecution b...	['the', 'athenians', 'do', 'not', 'call', 'thi...	the Athenians do not call this a prosecution ...
3	Plato - Complete Works	Plato	plato	What is this you say?	What is this you say?	-350	1997	21	what is this you say?	['what', 'is', 'this', 'you', 'say']	what be this -PRON- say ?
4	Plato - Complete Works	Plato	plato	Someone must have indicted you, for you are no...	Someone must have indicted you, for you are no...	-350	1997	101	someone must have indicted you, for you are no...	['someone', 'must', 'have', 'indicted', 'you',...	someone must have indict -PRON- , for -PRON- ...

Analysis of the Different Schools of Thought in the History of Philosophy¶

What are the different schools of thought? What authors correspond to each?¶

There are 13 schools of thought: Plato, Aristotle, Empiricism, Rationalism, Analytic, Continental, Phenomenology, German idealism, Communism, Capitalism, Stoicism, Nietzsche, and Feminism.¶

How many years were there published texts for each school of thought?¶

The earliest philosphers were Plato and Aristotle, publishing in 350 BCE and 320 BCE respectively. Texts pertaining to Feminism, Capitalism, and Empiricism have been around the longest.¶

What is the average sentence length for each school of thought?¶

¶

Capitalism, Empiricism, and German idealism texts have higher average sentence lengths compared to the other schools of thought. On average, Plato and Nietzsche wrote shorter sentences.¶

What words appear more frequently in the texts for each school of thought?¶

Word clouds extension - min word length = 5 & removing thing¶

Upon the increasing minimum word length and adding more stopwords, these word clouds better represent the beliefs and principles of each school of thought.¶

Stoicism encourages individuals to hone their virtues of character and either maximize positive emotions or reduce negative emotions so the most frequently appearing words -nature, thyself, either make sense.¶

The most frequently appearing words for Communism are labour, capital, and value which is fitting since Communism is centered around creating a classless society where major means of production are controlled by the public.¶

Capitalism is characterized by private ownership, competition, and freedom of choice so the so the most frequently appearing words -money, price, value, labour are appropriate.¶

Empiricism is a view that origin of all knowledge is sense experience so it makes sense that the most frequently appearing words are reason, object, and ideas.¶

Rationalism regards reason as the main source and test of knowledge so the most frequently appearing words -nature, reason, cause, are suitable.¶

Phenomenology describes the structures of experience and consciousness so it is appropriate that the most frequently appearing words are world, sense, and consciousness.¶

Continental philosophy has themes of history and politics and is characterized by self-consciousness, freedom, desire so it was interesting to see that the most frequently appearing words are madness, language, and difference.¶

Plato was a student of Socrates and most famous philosophy was the idea of materialism so it is fitting that the most frequently appearing words are socarates, think, and something.¶

German idealists beleived that nothing exists without the mind so the most commonly appearing words -concept, object, and reason make sense.¶

Aristotle's philosophy stresses biology and he beleived that the world was substances and species so it is appropriate that the most commonly appearing words are animal and nature.¶

Analytic philosophy is characterized by the study of language and logical analysis of concepts so it is fitting that the most frequently appearing words are sense, sentence, and world.¶

Conclusion¶

	title
school
analytic	11
aristotle	1
capitalism	3
communism	3
continental	6
empiricism	6
feminism	3
german_idealism	7
nietzsche	5
phenomenology	5
plato	1
rationalism	6
stoicism	2

	original_publication_date
school
analytic	1910
aristotle	-320
capitalism	1776
communism	1848
continental	1961
empiricism	1689
feminism	1792
german_idealism	1781
nietzsche	1886
phenomenology	1907
plato	-350
rationalism	1637
stoicism	125

Analysis of the Different Schools of Thought in the History of Philosophy¶

What are the different schools of thought? What authors correspond to each?¶

There are 13 schools of thought: Plato, Aristotle, Empiricism, Rationalism, Analytic, Continental, Phenomenology, German idealism, Communism, Capitalism, Stoicism, Nietzsche, and Feminism.¶

How many years were there published texts for each school of thought?¶

The earliest philosphers were Plato and Aristotle, publishing in 350 BCE and 320 BCE respectively. Texts pertaining to Feminism, Capitalism, and Empiricism have been around the longest.¶

What is the average sentence length for each school of thought?¶

¶

Capitalism, Empiricism, and German idealism texts have higher average sentence lengths compared to the other schools of thought. On average, Plato and Nietzsche wrote shorter sentences.¶

What words appear more frequently in the texts for each school of thought?¶

Word clouds extension - min word length = 5 & removing thing¶

Upon the increasing minimum word length and adding more stopwords, these word clouds better represent the beliefs and principles of each school of thought.¶

Stoicism encourages individuals to hone their virtues of character and either maximize positive emotions or reduce negative emotions so the most frequently appearing words -nature, thyself, either make sense.¶

The most frequently appearing words for Communism are labour, capital, and value which is fitting since Communism is centered around creating a classless society where major means of production are controlled by the public.¶

Capitalism is characterized by private ownership, competition, and freedom of choice so the so the most frequently appearing words -money, price, value, labour are appropriate.¶

The most frequently appearing words for Feminism -woman, women, mother, are suitable since feminism is the belief in full social, economic, and political equality for all women.¶

Empiricism is a view that origin of all knowledge is sense experience so it makes sense that the most frequently appearing words are reason, object, and ideas.¶

Rationalism regards reason as the main source and test of knowledge so the most frequently appearing words -nature, reason, cause, are suitable.¶

Phenomenology describes the structures of experience and consciousness so it is appropriate that the most frequently appearing words are world, sense, and consciousness.¶

Continental philosophy has themes of history and politics and is characterized by self-consciousness, freedom, desire so it was interesting to see that the most frequently appearing words are madness, language, and difference.¶

Plato was a student of Socrates and most famous philosophy was the idea of materialism so it is fitting that the most frequently appearing words are socarates, think, and something.¶

German idealists beleived that nothing exists without the mind so the most commonly appearing words -concept, object, and reason make sense.¶

Aristotle's philosophy stresses biology and he beleived that the world was substances and species so it is appropriate that the most commonly appearing words are animal and nature.¶

Analytic philosophy is characterized by the study of language and logical analysis of concepts so it is fitting that the most frequently appearing words are sense, sentence, and world.¶

Conclusion¶